CONTENTS
1
INTROUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
1.2
2 FUNDAMENTALS OF DRYING
2.1
THE DRYING CURVE
2.2
MOISTURE CONTENT
2.3
ESTIMATION OF DRYING TIME
3
REVIEW OF MAJOR DRYER TYPES
3.1
ROTARY DRYERS
3.2
PNEUMATIC/FLASH DRYER
3.3
SPRAY DRYERS
3.4
FLUIDISED BED DRYERS
3.5
HOT AIR DRYER- STENTER
3.6
CONTACT DRYING- STEAM CYLINDERS/CANS
3.7
INFRA RED DRYING
3.8
RADIO FREQUENCY DRYING
4
INDUSTRIAL NEEDS OF DRYING
4.1
TEXTILE INDUSTRY
4.2
PAPER & ALLIED PRODUCTS INDUSTRY
4.3
CHEMICAL/PHARMACEUTICAL/FOOD/DAIRY INDUSTRY
4.4
TEA INDUSTRY
5
ENERGY SAVING APPROACHES IN DRYERS
5.1
EVALUATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY
AND DIAGNOSTICS
5.2
INCREASING THE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL
5.3
REDUCE MOISTURE LOADING
5.4
GOOD HOUSE KEEPING & MISCELLANEOUS MEASURES
5.5
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
5.6
TECHNICAL MODIFICATION / SELECTION
OF DRYING METHOD
5.7
USE THE EXHAUST AIR EFFECTIVELY
5.8
FINAL MOISTURE CONTENT SPECIFICATION
6
CASE STUDIES
6.1
REDUCTION IN DEMAND OF STEAM IN BELT DRYER
SYSTEM
6.2
IMPROVEMENTS IN CYLINDER DRYING- TEXTILE INDUSTRY
6.3
IMPROVEMENTS IN HOT AIR DRYING OF FABRIC IN STENTERS- TEXTILE INDUSTRY
6.4
PAPER MACHINE DRYER IMPROVEMENTS
6.5
PAPER MACHINE DRYER MODIFICATIONS AND IMPROVED
CONTROL SYSTEM
6.6
HEAT RECOVERY FROM EXHAUST GAS IN A SPRAY DRYER- CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
6.7
WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
FROM CHP
6.8
ENERGY SAVING IN SPIN FLASH DRYER SYSTEM-BLOWER: CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
6.9
IMPROVED MECHANICAL DEWATERING TO SAVE ENERGY IN ROTARY DRYER- BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY
ANNEXURE-1:
DESCRIPTION OF TERMS
REFERENCES
List
of Figures
Figure
2-1: Drying Curve
Figure
3-1 Indirect Rotary Dryer
Figure
3-2:Pneumatic /Flash Dryer
Figure
3-3: Spray Dryer
Figure
3-4: Closed cycle spray dryer layout
Figure
3-5: Fluidised bed dryer
Figure
3-6:Schematic of a stenter
Figure
3-7: Cylinder Dryer
Figure
3-8: Infrared heating for paper machine
Figure
3-9: Cylinder Dryer with radiant burner inside
Figure
4-1: Energy flow diagram
Figure
5-1: Delta T control system for hot air drying
Figure
6-1: Heat recovery- Spray Dryer
List
of Tables
Table
3-1: Performance data of rotary dryers for various feed materials
Table
3-2: Performance data of Pneumatic dryers
Table
4-1: Equilibrium moisture content of textiles
Table
4-2: Steam pressure and drying speed
Table
4-3: Theoretical steam requirement in paper drying cylinders
Table
5-1: Expected Dryer Efficiencies
Table
6-1: Textiel dryer performance
Table 6-2: Energy requirements per tonne of fabric produced
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